Based on field data of the last event lahar found in this area (dark gray, Figure 13), while gray color that corresponds to an event of much higher volume (but very unlikely) occurred for several tens of thousands of years. Additionally, we used a new methodology (Figure 23) to define areas of danger by debris flows. This methodology is to define the areas flood based on a numerical procedure (ie using a software called LAHARZ, Iverson et al., 1998 and Schilling, 1998). With this method, have identified areas which could potentially be affected by debris flows for drainage East (rivers Salado and jaw) and to the drains West (rivers La Chimba, White and Guachalá). As refers to debris flows that are requested from the East, has been estimated that for a debris flow range the lower river and affect infrastructure Quijos existing in this area (road and pipeline) are needed -volume (of the order of more than 20 million cubic meters). Furthermore, in regard to drainage from the West, have been defined areas inundation by lahars considering, as for the East, three scenarios with increasing volumes but probability decreasing occurrence (20. 40 Y80 million cubic feet). The color scale used considered the more intense color to the smaller volume and less color intense for the larger volume. The valleys with greater probability of mudflows (Salado River East and White River to the west) have been designated in variations the color red, while rivers with a lower likelihood have lahars (Rivers and the Chimba Part Guachalá Occidental). were presented with different colors orange. . Debris avalanche Debris avalanches are large slip s that can occur in a sector of a volcano. produced 46 -- by the instability of the flanks of the same. This phenomena Hpo may be due to the rise of large amount of magma in the volcano. an earthquake of great magnitude in near the volcano. or weakening the structure volcano-induced, eg by hydrothermal alteration. This type of instability is favored when the cone volcano reaches a height of 3000 meters or more on their base. The building collapse may be accompanied and / or , followed by magmatic activity, as this high-slip can uncover a vent suddenly and generate bursts of extreme violence (which vulcanolagos called "blast"). which are generally aimed at the same direction of collapse and produce pyroclastic flows large and highly destructive. The result of a debris avalanche is the formation of depression. commonly horseshoe and variable size (Avalanche boiler as the Guagua Pichincha volcano. Pasochoa, The Altar and The resale). The deposits of debris avalanches are very mobile. cover areas of considerable extent (10 -- 1000 km2) with a blanket of debris and sweep all as its path. Most estratovo1canes have suffered at least once during its geological history, an event of this type. However. It should be reemphasized which are very rare events in time, approximately an event every few thousand years or more. Since the Cayambe volcano has steep slopes in its flanks, and the large discrepancy between summit and surrounding areas (especially with respect to the plain of Cayambe, 3000 ID gap). occurrence a sectoral breakdown is a possibility. that although remotely. should be taken into account. Indeed, phenomena this type have occurred at least twice during the history geological Cayambe. affecting the North and West sides the same. Of particular importance is the event that destabilized the western part of the volcanic edifice whose deposits ranged in plain and Cayanlbe are currently exposed at the confluence of us Granobles and Guachalá. in the SW part of the plateau of Ca - 47 iamb. In the Map of Cayambe volcano hazards (Figure 12), has considered two hypothetical avalanches debris affecting a northern flank and the other flank Western volcano. To delineate the area potentially affected by these phenomena, it was considered a H / L (gap / scope of the event) in the order of 0.11 typical of this kinds of events. Given the magnitude and violence of the debris avalanche. everything in its path will be destmido y. therefore, people do not have a chance. For this reason, we recommend the evacuation of potentially affected areas, whether the scientific information indicates the possibility of occurrence of an event of this nature in the near future. . VOLCANIC GASES Before. during and after a volcanic eruption. is common to detect a significant increase in the amount and type of gases emitted by the volcano. These gases are mainly Water vapor, however. almost always exist also varying amounts of other hazardous gases people and animals and 502 (sulfur dioxide), C02 (carbon dioxide). or ea (carbon monoxide). In continuanlente areas where winds blow. these gases disperse rapidly: however in depressions and lower reaches, these gases can accumulate and reach lethal concentrations. During and after eruption 3 November 2002 the volcano El Reventador. occurred major volcanic gas emissions. which were transported by the wind, tens of ki - Until 1ómetros Andean valleys. where they were easily s perceived by the population. This phenomenon is not a greatest threat to plant and animal life. Moreover, withthe toxic gases are fluorine and sulfur adhering to produce ash and soil contamination and waters. Additionally. a gas eruption column can be mixed with atmospheric water caused flooding acid that could affect plants and aninlales. thus 48 -- as the zinc and other metallic materials (which can suffer severe corrosion). In the case of the Cayambe volcano, the reported montaftistas in various BARGAINS a smell of sulfur gases in the path of ascent to the summit of the volcano (South-West side). However since the year 2 000, these reports indicate clearly an increase in the level of these emissions which, by the presence of ice cap can not be easily identifiable in the form of fumaroles because gases are emitted from cracks in the glacier (Annex 4). It should be stressed that to date (May 2004), these emissions gases do not pose a danger to mountaineers. . VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES In the weeks, months or even years preceding eruption and during their development, can be detected many microearthquakes in the vicinity or in the same cone of volcano. This phenomenon, far from affecting villagers live near it, it is beneficial to community because it allows scientists to understand best magmatic processes occurring within the volcano and anticipate its occurrence. In general. reactivation not produce a volcanic earthquakes of greater magnitude, ca affect peace of buildings around the volcano. Since 2000, the IG team have detected a increase in the number of seismic events from Volcano! Figure 24). The vast majority of these earthquakes are too small to be felt by the population, on two occasions but events have occurred with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale, the which if they were felt in the shelter sector and the comuniades of the upper south-western flank of Cayambe. Estimated to be very unlikely events to occur sufficient magnitude greater than these, as for they cause damage to buildings.
Senin, 15 Maret 2010
avalanche
Based on field data of the last event lahar found in this area (dark gray, Figure 13), while gray color that corresponds to an event of much higher volume (but very unlikely) occurred for several tens of thousands of years. Additionally, we used a new methodology (Figure 23) to define areas of danger by debris flows. This methodology is to define the areas flood based on a numerical procedure (ie using a software called LAHARZ, Iverson et al., 1998 and Schilling, 1998). With this method, have identified areas which could potentially be affected by debris flows for drainage East (rivers Salado and jaw) and to the drains West (rivers La Chimba, White and Guachalá). As refers to debris flows that are requested from the East, has been estimated that for a debris flow range the lower river and affect infrastructure Quijos existing in this area (road and pipeline) are needed -volume (of the order of more than 20 million cubic meters). Furthermore, in regard to drainage from the West, have been defined areas inundation by lahars considering, as for the East, three scenarios with increasing volumes but probability decreasing occurrence (20. 40 Y80 million cubic feet). The color scale used considered the more intense color to the smaller volume and less color intense for the larger volume. The valleys with greater probability of mudflows (Salado River East and White River to the west) have been designated in variations the color red, while rivers with a lower likelihood have lahars (Rivers and the Chimba Part Guachalá Occidental). were presented with different colors orange. . Debris avalanche Debris avalanches are large slip s that can occur in a sector of a volcano. produced 46 -- by the instability of the flanks of the same. This phenomena Hpo may be due to the rise of large amount of magma in the volcano. an earthquake of great magnitude in near the volcano. or weakening the structure volcano-induced, eg by hydrothermal alteration. This type of instability is favored when the cone volcano reaches a height of 3000 meters or more on their base. The building collapse may be accompanied and / or , followed by magmatic activity, as this high-slip can uncover a vent suddenly and generate bursts of extreme violence (which vulcanolagos called "blast"). which are generally aimed at the same direction of collapse and produce pyroclastic flows large and highly destructive. The result of a debris avalanche is the formation of depression. commonly horseshoe and variable size (Avalanche boiler as the Guagua Pichincha volcano. Pasochoa, The Altar and The resale). The deposits of debris avalanches are very mobile. cover areas of considerable extent (10 -- 1000 km2) with a blanket of debris and sweep all as its path. Most estratovo1canes have suffered at least once during its geological history, an event of this type. However. It should be reemphasized which are very rare events in time, approximately an event every few thousand years or more. Since the Cayambe volcano has steep slopes in its flanks, and the large discrepancy between summit and surrounding areas (especially with respect to the plain of Cayambe, 3000 ID gap). occurrence a sectoral breakdown is a possibility. that although remotely. should be taken into account. Indeed, phenomena this type have occurred at least twice during the history geological Cayambe. affecting the North and West sides the same. Of particular importance is the event that destabilized the western part of the volcanic edifice whose deposits ranged in plain and Cayanlbe are currently exposed at the confluence of us Granobles and Guachalá. in the SW part of the plateau of Ca - 47 iamb. In the Map of Cayambe volcano hazards (Figure 12), has considered two hypothetical avalanches debris affecting a northern flank and the other flank Western volcano. To delineate the area potentially affected by these phenomena, it was considered a H / L (gap / scope of the event) in the order of 0.11 typical of this kinds of events. Given the magnitude and violence of the debris avalanche. everything in its path will be destmido y. therefore, people do not have a chance. For this reason, we recommend the evacuation of potentially affected areas, whether the scientific information indicates the possibility of occurrence of an event of this nature in the near future. . VOLCANIC GASES Before. during and after a volcanic eruption. is common to detect a significant increase in the amount and type of gases emitted by the volcano. These gases are mainly Water vapor, however. almost always exist also varying amounts of other hazardous gases people and animals and 502 (sulfur dioxide), C02 (carbon dioxide). or ea (carbon monoxide). In continuanlente areas where winds blow. these gases disperse rapidly: however in depressions and lower reaches, these gases can accumulate and reach lethal concentrations. During and after eruption 3 November 2002 the volcano El Reventador. occurred major volcanic gas emissions. which were transported by the wind, tens of ki - Until 1ómetros Andean valleys. where they were easily s perceived by the population. This phenomenon is not a greatest threat to plant and animal life. Moreover, withthe toxic gases are fluorine and sulfur adhering to produce ash and soil contamination and waters. Additionally. a gas eruption column can be mixed with atmospheric water caused flooding acid that could affect plants and aninlales. thus 48 -- as the zinc and other metallic materials (which can suffer severe corrosion). In the case of the Cayambe volcano, the reported montaftistas in various BARGAINS a smell of sulfur gases in the path of ascent to the summit of the volcano (South-West side). However since the year 2 000, these reports indicate clearly an increase in the level of these emissions which, by the presence of ice cap can not be easily identifiable in the form of fumaroles because gases are emitted from cracks in the glacier (Annex 4). It should be stressed that to date (May 2004), these emissions gases do not pose a danger to mountaineers. . VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES In the weeks, months or even years preceding eruption and during their development, can be detected many microearthquakes in the vicinity or in the same cone of volcano. This phenomenon, far from affecting villagers live near it, it is beneficial to community because it allows scientists to understand best magmatic processes occurring within the volcano and anticipate its occurrence. In general. reactivation not produce a volcanic earthquakes of greater magnitude, ca affect peace of buildings around the volcano. Since 2000, the IG team have detected a increase in the number of seismic events from Volcano! Figure 24). The vast majority of these earthquakes are too small to be felt by the population, on two occasions but events have occurred with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale, the which if they were felt in the shelter sector and the comuniades of the upper south-western flank of Cayambe. Estimated to be very unlikely events to occur sufficient magnitude greater than these, as for they cause damage to buildings.
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